Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study Essay Example

Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study Essay Read the case Zychol Chemicals Corporation given below and concisely answer the questions that follow at the end of the case study. As a general guideline, please try to limit your answers to a paragraph or two for each of the questions. Bob Richards, the production manager of Zychol Chemicals, in Houston, Texas, is preparing his quarterly report, which is to include a productivity analysis for his department. One of the inputs is production data prepared by Sharon Walford, his operations analyst. The report, which she gave him this morning, showed the ollowing: 2006 2007 production (untts) 4,500 6,000 Raw material used (barrels of petroleum by-products) 700 900 Labor hours 22,000 28,000 Capital cost applied to the department ($) $375,000 $620,000 Bob knew that his labor cost per hour had increased from an average of $13 per hour to an average of $14 per hour, primarily due to a move by management to become more competitive with a new company that had Just opened a plant in the area. He also knew that his average cost per barrel of raw material had increased from $320 to $360. He was oncerned about the accounting procedures that increased his capital cost from $375,000 to $620,000, but earlier discussions with his boss suggested that there was nothing that could be done about that allocation. Bob wondered if his productivity had increased at all. He called Sharon into the office and conveyed the above information to her and asked her to prepare this part of the report. We will write a custom essay sample on Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer a) Prepare the productivity part of the report for Mr. Richards. He probably expects some analysis of productivity inputs for all factors, as well as a multifactor analysis or both years with the change in productivity (up or down) and the amount noted. b) The producer price index had increased from 120 to 125, and this fact seemed to indicate to Mr. Richards that his costs were too high. What do you tell him are the implications of this change in the producer price index? c) Managements expectation for departments such as Mr. Richardss is an annual productivity increase of 5%. Did he reach this goal? Zychol Chemical Corporation Case Study By rylechelle23

3 Tips for Writing Stellar Yale Supplement Essays

3 Tips for Writing Stellar Yale Supplement Essays SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Yale admits just under 7% of their total applicant pool every year. If you want to be one of those admitted students, you’ll need to write amazing Yale essays as part of your Yale University application. In this article, we’ll outline the different types of essays you need to write for your Yale University application and teach you how to write a Yale supplement essay that will help you stand out from the thousands of other applicants. What Are the Yale Essay Prompts? Yale University requires you to submit one or two long essays, depending on whether you are submitting the Common Application or Coalition Application. You will choose from a selection of three topics for the longer Yale supplement essay questions. The prompts are the same for both the Common and the Coalition application, but the number of prompts you’ll choose to answer is different depending on which application you use to apply. You’ll also complete a total of six short answer questions regardless of which application you’re using. The six short answer questions for the Yale essays range in word limit from 35 words to 300 words. These essays are specific to the Yale application - you won’t find them on any other college or university’s application. Although they are short, the Yale supplement essays are just as important as the longer essays. The Yale supplemental essay questions offer you plenty of opportunity to show off your qualifications as an applicant and wow the admissions committee. 2018-19 Yale Supplement Essay Questions There are three Yale supplement essay questions, as well as an essay specifically for students applying to the engineering program. Let’s take a look at the three prompts. Then, we’ll talk about who needs to answer them. Think about an idea or topic that has been intellectually exciting for you. Why are you drawn to it? Reflect on your engagement with a community to which you belong. How do you feel you have contributed to this community? Yale students, faculty, and alumni engage issues of local, national, and international importance. Discuss an issue that is significant to you and how your college experience might help you address it. If you’re applying with the Common Application, you’ll choose two of those prompts and answer them in 250 words or fewer. If you’re applying with the Coalition Application, you’ll answer one prompt in 300 words or fewer. You’ll also include an audio, video, image, or document file that you have created this is meaningful to you and related in some way to your essay. You’ll write one sentence to show how this relates to your essay. Yale Supplemental Essays Analyzed There are three longer supplemental essays that applicants submitting the Common or Coalition applications must choose from. The prompts are the same for both applications. Remember, if you’re submitting the Common Application, you must respond to two of the three prompts. If you’re submitting the Coalition Application, you must respond to one and include a piece of media that’s meaningful to you. Essay Prompt 1 Think about an idea or topic that has been intellectually exciting for you. Why are you drawn to it? Here you can show off all your nerdy school-related passions with abandon. Well, maybe not too much abandon. The prompt requires you to discuss one idea or topic, so think carefully about what you want to write about. When thinking of a topic, you can choose anything from your favorite subject in school to a facet of the judicial system that you’ve been learning about through podcasts. The point here is that whatever you pick should be somehow tied to your academic interests. In this longer essay you have the chance to show how your interests relate to your ambitions as a Yale student and graduate. Do the best you can to be clear about how your chosen topic or idea could potentially influence your course of study at Yale and maybe even your life in the professional world. Essay Prompt 2 Reflect on your engagement with a community to which you belong. How do you feel you have contributed to this community? This essay provides a great place to let the committee see a side of you that has nothing to do with academics. There are so many possible answers here: family, sports teams, religious school, AV club - these are all communities and they all have been affected by your presence Have fun with this Yale essay. Don’t feel pressure to talk about how much charity work you do - chances are a lot of applicants will go that route and it will seem inauthentic. (unless charity work is actually your jam. If that’s the case, go for it!) Let your voice shine through in this one and don’t be a raid to be creative. Since you have a larger word allotment you can show off some of your prosaic chops. Don’t try too hard though! Be yourself - the committee will appreciate you for it. Essay Prompt 3 Yale students, faculty, and alumni engage issues of local, national, and international importance. Discuss an issue that is significant to you and how your college experience might help you address it. This prompt is pretty straightforward. Once again, don’t write what you think the application committee wants to read. Do research your answer before you write your essay and be honest in your writing. If nothing comes immediately to mind when you read this prompt, don’t panic. Take a moment to make a list of broad issues that interest you. For example, you may be interested in diversity in your hometown, the debate over national health care in America, or drinking water conditions in Africa. Once you’ve thought of a general topic, get online and look up a few articles about the issues. In your actual essay answer be as specific as possible. You want to show that you care about the topic, took time to research it, and didn’t just scroll through a bunch of trending hashtags related to social justice. Want to get into Yale or your personal top choice college? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Optional Engineering Essay Students applying to Yale’s engineering program must also submit the engineering essay as part of their application. If you selected one of the engineering majors, please tell us more about what has led you to an interest in this field of study, what experiences (if any) you have had in engineering, and what it is about Yale’s engineering program that appeals to you. Please respond in 300 words or fewer. If you are applying for this program, chances are you have a very real idea of what an engineering degree means in terms of undergraduate study and career opportunities. If you have no real-world experience with engineering, don’t make it up. Be sure you have research and real-life examples to back up your claim. Once more, we’ll mention how crucial research and specificity is. Engineering can be a broad area of study, but generally leads to very specific careers. Do your research and plan out this essay in as detailed a fashion as possible. You know, like an engineer would! 2018-19 Yale Short Answer Questions Every applicant must respond to six Yale-specific short answer questions on their application. Every student must respond to these short answer questions, The Yale short answer questions are just that: very short. Some only require 35 word answers. We will talk about how to answer these questions later. For now, let’s take a look at the prompts themselves. Students at Yale have plenty of time to explore their academic interests before committing to one or more major fields of study. Many students either modify their original academic direction or change their minds entirely. As of this moment, what academic areas seem to fit your interests or goals most comfortably? Please indicate up to three from the list provided. Why do these areas appeal to you? (100 words or fewer) What is it about Yale that has led you to apply? (125 words or fewer) What inspires you? (35 words or fewer) Yale’s residential colleges regularly host conversations with guests representing a wide range of experiences and accomplishments. What person, past or present, would you invite to speak? What question would you ask? (35 words or fewer) You are teaching a Yale course. What is it called? (35 words or fewer) Most first-year Yale students live in suites of four to six people. What do you hope to add to your suitemates’ experience? What do you hope they will add to yours? (35 words or fewer) Yale Short Answer Questions Analyzed In this section, we’ll be looking at the short answer Yale supplement essays in depth. Remember, every applicant must answer all essay prompts, so you don’t get to choose which essay you would like to write. It is important that you answer each of the Yale essay prompts strongly as they are all of equal importance. Let’s take a look at each Yale short essay questions and see how to write something meaningful for each. Yale Short Answer Question 1 Students at Yale have plenty of time to explore their academic interests before committing to one or more major fields of study. Many students either modify their original academic direction or change their minds entirely. As of this moment, what academic areas seem to fit your interests or goals most comfortably? Please indicate up to three from the list provided. Why do these areas appeal to you? (100 words or fewer) First off - follow the directions here exactly. ONLY use areas of study from the list provided in the above link and be sure to mention no more than three. Here, Yale is giving you the opportunity to show some range in your interests, but keeping your writing brief and honest is key. Less is more here - don’t be afraid to only list one interest. Although it may be unrealistic to choose a major before you enter college, there is no harm in expressing what excites you right now. You will not have to stick to this major throughout your Yale career, unless of course you want to. Just remember that 100 words is not a lot of space, so you may be able to express more if you choose one subject rather than three. Yale Short Answer Question 2 What is it about Yale that has led you to apply? (125 words or fewer) The best advice we can give you here is to be specific. Do your research before you start in on this prompt. The best answer will have mention of professors, programs and classes that are only available at Yale. One way to approach this essay is to base it around a conversation you may have had with an alumnus or professor from Yale. The application committee is looking to see how truthful and deep your desire to attend Yale is, so go the extra mile. Reach out to people who have experienced Yale for themselves. Your high school guidance counselor can help you find these connections. Yale Short Answer Question 3 What inspires you? (35 words or fewer) Caution! Due to its small word requirement here, you may be tempted to be witty or sardonic in your answer. Resist the urge! Again, go with authenticity rather than cleverness. If something charming or funny arises from your answer naturally, check with your guidance counselor, English teacher, or another trusted editor before turning it in. Humor can read as flippant and the application committee could think that you are not taking your application seriously. Good answers to this question range from inspirational people, to remarkable landscapes, to fine dining. There is no correct answer, so have fun answering! Think about what this prompt is asking: what inspires you? What gets you excited and motivated? Avoid trite answers at all costs. Don’t say how inspired you are by â€Å"the world in all its vastness.† Instead look inward, and think about when you have felt the best about yourself, and most energized to do the things you love. What made you feel that way? Who? And how did you act on that inspiration? Yale Short Answer Question 4 Yale’s residential colleges regularly host conversations with guests representing a wide range of experiences and accomplishments. What person, past or present, would you invite to speak? What question would you ask? (35 words or fewer) Here is another prompt you can have fun with. Again, avoid cliches! Don’t say â€Å"Gandhi† or â€Å"MLK† - those are obvious answers that are impossible to achieve. Choose someone that has truly inspired you - not someone you think will impress the admissions committee. They don’t have to be hugely famous, rich or successful. They should, however, have made a tangible impact on your life. Yale Short Answer Question 5 You are teaching a Yale course. What is it called? Another fun one! Once again: no cliches, no obvious answers, and please no comedy. Here’s a chance to show off something you feel you have mastery over. Instead of projecting into the future when you are a famous playwright and have the chops to teach a class on fantastic realism in modern theater, pick something that you know about right now. Maybe you speak a second language. Maybe you collect insects or press flowers. Maybe you are an expert at self-care for busy students. This question is not designed to get a better sense of your ambitions or goals. Here the committee wants to learn about the abilities and passions in which you already feel confident. Yale Short Answer Question 6 Most first-year Yale students live in suites of four to six people. What do you hope to add to your suitemates’ experience? What do you hope they will add to yours? (35 words or fewer) This question gives you the opportunity to share about different sides of your personality. If you’re a great hobby cook, for instance, you can show off those skills here. The important things to highlight in this question are the unique aspects of what makes you, you. Maybe you’ll contribute special edition DVDs of all the Lord of the Rings movies, or an epic poster collection. No matter what, you’ll want to show that you appreciate the community. Finally, you’ll want to share what you’re looking for in a suitemate - friendship, support, a buddy to go to the Yale-Harvard football game with. Showing how you appreciate others is equally important. How to Write a Great Yale Essay Regardless of which Yale short answer question you’re responding to, you should keep in mind the following tips for how to write a great Yale essay. #1: Use Your Own Voice The point of a college essay is for the admissions committee to have the chance to get to know you beyond your test scores, grades, and honors. Your admissions essays are your opportunity to make yourself come alive for the essay readers and to present yourself as a fully fleshed out person. You should, then, make sure that the person you’re presenting in your college essays is yourself. Don’t try to emulate what you think the committee wants to hear or try to act like someone you’re not. If you lie or exaggerate, your essay will come across as insincere, which will diminish its effectiveness. Stick to telling real stories about the person you really are, not who you think Yale wants you to be. #2: Avoid Cliches and Overused Phrases When writing your Yale essays, try to avoid using cliches or overused quotes or phrases. These include quotations that have been quoted to death and phrases or idioms that are overused in daily life. The college admissions committee has probably seen numerous essays that state, â€Å"Be the change you want to see in the world.† Strive for originality. Similarly, avoid using cliches, which take away from the strength and sincerity of your work. #3: Check Your Work It should almost go without saying, but you want to make sure your Yale essays are the strongest example of your work possible. Before you turn in your Yale application, make sure to edit and proofread your essays. Your work should be free of spelling and grammar errors. Make sure to run your essays through a spelling and grammar check before you submit. It’s a good idea to have someone else read your Yale essays, too. You can seek a second opinion on your work from a parent, teacher, or friend. Ask them whether your work represents you as a student and person. Have them check and make sure you haven’t missed any small writing errors. Having a second opinion will help your work be the best it possibly can be. Recap: The Key to Yale Essays That Work The Yale essays cover a wide range of topics. Regardless of the question you’re answering, remember to follow these basic dos and don’ts as you’re writing: DO Be authentic and honest Be specific when citing people, places and things Strive for brevity and simplicity; less is more! Be yourself, and do your research - both will shine through in your essays! DON’T Base your essays on what you think the Yale application committee wants to hear Use cliches or broad sweeping statements Try too hard to be funny and original - be genuine and your positive attributes will be visible to the committee. What’s Next? Trying to figure out what to study in college?Have no fear- our guide will help you choose the best major for you, one step at a time. Really want to get into Yale? Using an acceptance calculator will help you figure out your chances of getting into the schools at the top of your listso you know how to up your odds. It's a great time to start researching scholarships. It's never too early to start thinking about how you're going to pay for college! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

International Economics Definition

International Economics Definition What exactly international economics is and what it covers tend to depend on the views of the person using the definition. Roughly speaking, it covers economic interactions between countries such as international trade. More precisely, international economics is the field of study that deals with trade between countries. Topics in the Field of International Economics The following topics are a sample of those considered in the field of international economics: Exchange rates and flows of money between countries Free trade and trade disputes, such as the softwood lumber dispute Immigration and migration between countriesThe role regulations and shipping costs play on trade flowsHow differences in tax regimes influence a companys decisions on which countries to operate in International Economics - One Perspective The book International Economics: Global Markets and International Competition gives the following definition: International economics describes and predicts production, trade, and investment across countries. Wages and income rise and fall with international commerce even in large rich developed economies like the US. In many countries, international economics is a matter of life and death. Economics as a field began in England in the 1700s with a debate over issues of free international commerce, and the debate continues. Domestic industries pay politicians for protection against foreign competition. Institute for International Economics' Definition The Institute for International Economics examines a number of hot topics in international economics, such as outsourcing, US steel policy, the Chinese exchange rate, and trade and labor standards. International economists study questions such as How do sanctions on Iraq impact the lives of the common citizen in the country?, Do floating exchange rates cause financial instability?, and Does globalization lead to an erosion of labor standards?. Needless to say, international economists deal with some of the more controversial topics in economics.

Failure Mode Effective Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Failure Mode Effective Analysis - Essay Example In the following years, it was employed in the aerospace industries to eliminate errors in the industry due to its use of massive funds. It then spread across many other manufacturing industries throughout the world ever since. Today its use is slowly entering the service industry. There are numerous approaches and methods of FMEA have been created by researchers across the very many professional fields besides engineering. FMEA is various forms whereby some are more frequently used compared to others. They include concept FMEA in which we have design FMEA and process FMEA. FMEA has for many decades been used by researchers in the early design concepts to analyze systems and subsystems. An investigation of FMEA single failures of the system was involved in the identification of the failure modes, the causes and the results of each possible failure mode on the service and developing appropriate corrective measures. FMEA when extended by Criticality Analysis process (CA) it became the Failure Mode Effects and Criticality Analysis (FMECA). On their analysis, they provided the description and a review of FMECA fundamental principles, methods enhancements, types, automation and available computer codes, how it is combined with other techniques applications of particular types. An approach that analyzed the design work guidelines, product features analysis, review of product design and work design team building model was later developed. This model described the application of tools for a design like the design for assembly (DFA), FMEA and quality function development (QFD). DFA implementation was monitored in three products development projects in a period of two years. They concluded that DFA method was able to be used for four purposes that correspond to GAPT model levels. The method led to more cooperation between production engineers and designers and better communication. The outcomes

Criminological Theories A comparison Between Control Theories and Essay

Criminological Theories A comparison Between Control Theories and Scocial control Theories of Crime - Essay Example The social control they describe is not through Laws, but through Beliefs and societal Norms. However, these norms could later evolve into Laws, ethics, Etiquettes and Customs . The Control is effected through establishing conformity and compliance to these norms. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORIES are viewed along two perspectives. The Macro social and Micro social perspectives . The Macro Social Perspective examines the Formal Control Systems which include the Legal systems, Law enforcers, lobbies which influence laws, which exercise control over the society. Micro Social Perspective, studies the INFORMAL control systems. exercised by Families, religious and educational institution and peer groups. This Informal control manifests as Bonding ,Re Integrative Shaming, Attachment, and Learning through Role Models. The control theories focus on a person's Relationship to their parents, teachers, parish priests and coaches who act as agents of socialization -.A child's Effective interaction with these agents translates into bonds with society.(Hirschi1960) Control Theories study the internalization of Moral codes and the stakes and ties in the community the individuals develops, which make them to voluntarily limit their deviant behaviour.These are Informal controls exercised by social and familial bonds. It is more a "self concept". The most influential among the Control Theories are, John Bolwlby 's Attachment Theory, Travis Hirschi's Social Bonds Theory , the Age Graded Life course Theory of Sampson and Laube and the General Theory of Crime by Gottferson and Hirschi (1999) The Control Theory of Delinquency was presented by Travis Hirsche in 1969. It emerged from the Social Disorganisation Theory (Western Criminology Review)which was slowly losing its prestige at that time. Hirschi took his cue from this theory which held that Disorganised communities generate crime as informal social controls have broken down.It was John Bowlby who first floated the emotional aspect in social control in his Attachment Theory in 1969.Hirschi synthesizes both these perspectives . Hirschi's Control Theory posits that it is not so much the Individual's personality, but his social Relationships and social bonds which determine the deviance or conformity of his Behaviour. Absence of Control exercised by those bonds left him free to weigh the profits against risk . Attachment to others make him less likely to be deviant. Both Hirschi and Bowlby stress Parental upbringing in instilling socialization. The accrual of emotional investment by parents develops Empathy in the individual , which heightens his control and help him to Desist from acts violating the conventions. .The other Control theories, The General Theory of Crime, The Age Graded Life Course Theory that followed, acknowledged the SELF concept .They explained how at a Micro perspective, Informal social bonds which are at first external, become internalized . Gottferson and Hirschi (1990) , and later,Sampson and Laube (1993)in their Age Graded Life Course Perspective said that there is a relationship of causes between the later deviant behavior and the

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay Example for Free

5 Parts of the Writing Process Essay 5 Parts of the Writing Process 1. Pre-Writing Before you sit down to write something, you need to figure out what you are going to write about. 2. Drafting Once you have planned out your ideas, the next step is to start drafting, or writing. 3. Revising When you revise, you are looking at the parts of your document and making sure that each part works together to make a coherent whole. 4. Proofreading When a person is finished the writing step of the process and have revised your work, then it is up to the writer to take a step back and look at the writing for errors and correct them. 5. Delivering – Delivering in its simplest form refers to a text that is meant to be read to an audience. See more: Experiment on polytropic process Essay 5 Resources to Help You Improve Your WritingSkills 1. Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide by Dawn B. Sova With Writing Clearly: A Self-Teaching Guide, you’ll discover the answers to these questions and many more about the basics of communicating effectively through the written word. Each chapter in this hands-on guide focuses on key steps in the writing process, identifying the shared and differing skills demanded by each type of writing; from a persuasive essay, a business letter, or a scientific report. The straightforward, structured format makes it fully accessible, providing an easy-to-understand overview for everyone from students beginning to build skills, to adults looking to improve their writing, to the experienced writer hoping to further hone skills in a certain area. This book allows you to build gradually on what you have learned at your own pace. Questions and self-tests reinforce the information in each chapter and allow you to skip ahead or focus on specific areas of concern. Packed with useful, up-to-date information, this clear, concise volume is a valuable learning tool and reference source for anyone who wants to develop or improve his or her basic writing skills. 2. Report Writing Skills Training Course by Margaret Greenhall  This book makes report writing a step by step process for you to follow every time you have a report to write. Margarets understanding of how people read and remember gives a unique view to the process of report writing. This book brings you her tried and tested training techniques to make the process of writing a report straight forward. 3. The Writers Workplace with Readings: Building College Writing Skills by Sandra and John Scarry John Scarry and Sandra Scarry present writing instruction in a clear and manageable form, with step-by-step explanations to help build and maintain students confidence in their writing. The result of many years of classroom teaching and research, this comprehensive and time-tested resource reflects the authors understanding that every student is unique, with different backgrounds and interests that must be accounted for as they engage in the writing process. This offers instructors the opportunity to customize their own version of the book by including or excluding any sections that they do or do not teach in their course-making this a text that reflects not only the students needs and experiences, but their instructors as well. 4. Writing With Power: Techniques For Mastering the Writing Process by Peter Elbow A classic handbook for anyone who needs to write. This book speaks to everyone who has wrestled with words while seeking to gain power with them. Here, Peter Elbow emphasizes that the essential activities underlying good writing and the essential exercises promoting it are really not difficult at all. Employing a cookbook approach, Elbow provides the reader (and writer) with various recipes: for getting words down on paper, for revising, for dealing with an audience, for getting feedback on a piece of writing, and still other recipes for approaching the mystery of power in writing. By taking risks and embracing mistakes, Elbow hopes the writer may somehow find a hold on the creative process and be able to heighten two mentalitiesthe production of writing and the revision of it. From students and teachers to novelists and poets, Writing with Power reminds us that we can celebrate the uses of mystery, chaos, no planning, and magic, while achieving analysis, control, explicitness, and care in whatever it is we set down on paper. 5. Steps to Writing Well by Jean Wyrick  Writing well is just a step away! This book gives the student the ultimate step-by-step guide to writing effective essays. With the author’s clear, practical advice and student-friendly tone, youll find it easy to begin, organize, and revise your writing-from choosing a topic to developing your essay to polishing your prose. Interesting readings in a variety of styles offer useful examples of the types of essays youll most often be assigned in your composition and other college classes.

Clouds Essay -- essays research papers

Cloud formations have always been observed by people, many centuries before our time. People were always fond of clouds. They always wondered why some clouds were dark and others were white and fluffy, and why some clouds are so up high and others were so low that they looked reachable by the human hands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most recent classification of clouds was accomplished by the World Meteorological Organization in 1956. This organization lists 10 basic kinds of clouds that are subdivided into species according to their outer shape and inner structure. In addition, cloud varieties are discussed according to arrangement and transparency. There is a height classification which are called high, middle, and low altitudes. The different kinds of clouds are found in these three divisions according to the clouds' altitude.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  First, we have the high clouds that range in altitude from 16,500 to 45,000 feet. In this division we have the cirrus, cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus clouds. A cirrus cloud appears in delicate, feather-like bands that are not attached to each other, and is usually white with no shading. Cirrocumulus clouds appear like very small round balls or flakes. The cirrocumulus clouds sometimes form a pattern of a buttermilk sky. The cirrostratus clouds sometimes form tangled webs or thin whitish sheets. A large ring or halo is sometimes seen around the sun or moon when the cirrostratus covers the sky.   Ã‚  Ã‚  &...

Sociolgical Imagination

Sociological Imagination Sociological Imagination can be defined as the ability to notice a difference in people due to their social circumstances, how their â€Å"social norms,† influence their lives. Sometimes these situations can lead to an outcome and it gives you an understanding as to why things happen the way they do. You understand what causes led to that specific outcome. Basically, you understand peoples lives because you can see how the outcome effects their lives and the people around them.Having an understanding of sociological imagination helps in the field of sociology because it alps you have a different perspective on peoples lives. I started dating a guy at the beginning of my senior year of high school. Not long after, we become inseparable. It didn't take very long for me to think I was in love. When I felt like it was the right time, we decided to have sex. I never thought that I would get pregnant the first time because we were safe, and I was on birth co ntrol. Fortunately, I didn't. As the months went on we would risk not using protection and I was still not getting pregnant.Stupidly, I thought well maybe I Just can not get pregnant since it has not happened to me yet. After about a year of dating, I missed my birth control for a week. About eight weeks after that I get really sick and can not keep any food down. My grandmother takes me to the doctor and I will never forget that moment when the doctor came back in and said the words I thought I would never hear. I was pregnant. My sister had gotten pregnant while she was still in high school, so my mother really depended on me to be the daughter that finished college and then started a life of my own. She was so disappointed in me.But the rest of my family viewed it as normal that I had gotten pregnant at 18. Many of my cousins started a family instead of going to college. 9 out of 11 of my cousins were teen parents. Along with the younger generation, my grandparents, aunts, and un cles also started their families very early. While I did not purposely try to start a family at my age, my family did not see it as a bad thing. My boyfriend stepped up in this situation and decided early on that he was not going to be like every other young dad and run off. He has changed every part of his life to give our baby the best life possible.A long time ago getting married at a very young age was socially acceptable, now it is morally wrong in many ultras. Since girls were married at a young age, teen pregnancy was accepted, also. In this generation teen pregnancy is still Just as common as it was then, but without the girls being married or even in a relationship. â€Å"1 . 3 in 10 teen American girls will get pregnant at least once before ago 20. That's nearly 750,000 teen pregnancies every year. 3. Less than 2 percent of teen moms earn a college degree by age 30. 5. The United States has one of the highest teen pregnancy rates in the western industrialized world. 10.Al most fifty percent of teens have never considered how pregnancy would affect their lives. (The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy) Due to teen pregnancy rates being so high, Americans have to learn to accept and adapt to this being a new custom. â€Å"Based on a teen survey his organization conducted in 2009, a vast majority (eighty-seven percent) of teens who watched the MAT show 16 and Pregnant reported that they felt the show helped demonstrate to them the true hardships that teenage pregnancy can bring to both girls and boys. In contrast, very few (seventeen percent) felt the show actually glorified teen pregnancy. (Silvers) These shows help to show the struggles that all he young girls starring in them face. By putting their stories out there they are helping to reduce teen pregnancy rates. Even though there are shows to help try to reduce teen pregnancy, there are also movies and shows that make being sexually active teens look â€Å"cool,† or â €Å"popular. † Many movies show the virgin being made fun of for not being sexually active. Making sex look fun or cool results in teens having sex, which may lead to teen pregnancy. The social norm for young people is to graduate high school, go to college, get a career, and start a life of their own.

Striking the best deal: a closer look at negotiation

Negotiation styles must be dynamic and flexible; they ought to be adapted based on the context in which they shall be utilized. These styles may either be competitve or collaborative, depending on the extent to which the individual considers himself and the person he is negotiating with. The following scenario has been relayed for purposes of reflecting on my negotiation style and on the tangible means through which I can improve it.Negotiation has been overlooked as an important management competency / skill as it was limited to the confines of the conflict – resolution phase. This skill whose aim to is to minimize differences between parties, can also be effectively used as a tool for information-sharing, influencing and building or strengthening relationships. This tool is most helpful where the environment promotes openness in communication, particularly in the sharing of information and involvement of everyone in the decision-making in the organization.DiscussionThis pape r begins with a thorough discussion of the context in which the negotiation tool place. I have worked as a Human Resources Manager for a Battery Manufacturing company for two years now. After a careful review of my performance, I believe that my salary raise has been way overdue. There were several things which I had to adequately prepare prior to my negotiation with my boss. First, I had to gather as much objective / emprical evidence to back up my case.This meant going through my performance reviews, and seeing the achievements and the merits which I have accomplished for the past two years. I had to make sure that my claims were backed up by verifiable critical incidents. That is, my evidence must be as objective as possible so as to gain credence and strike up a reasonable bargain with my superior. My objective for the negotiation session was to convince my superior that I add value to the enterprise and therefor deserve a raise that will make my recent promotion worthwhile.I th en proceeded to schedule a meeting with my boss and went through the process of negotiating for a salary raise. I began the discussion with asking him about how he evaluated my performance for the past two years. He said that he thought my performance was exemplary and that I excelled more compared to the other managers of the department. I thanked him for his compliments and proceeded by giving a summary of my achievements within the past two years. I supported each of my traits with critical incidents. I ensured support for both technical exerptise and soft skills.I also gave a brief rundown of the training sessions which I have attended which demonstrated by authentic intent to improve myself further. I then showed my boss the strategic map of my company which illustrates the different strategic objectives of the organization, from the various perspectives of our Balanced Scorecard, encompassing financials, customer, best business practice, business development, and learning and growth. I again pointed out how the effective performance of my role is able to contribute to each of the strategic thrusts across these perspectives. He seemed to be convinced of the value of my role and my drive to excel.I then articulated my belief and feeling that my salary increase has been long overdue. He responded by saying that currently, the company has some financial considerations which has compelled him to be be very careful in giving raises lest we go beyond our operating budget. I responded by expressing empathy over his concern; â€Å"yes I understand the situation, Sir†. Since reason appealed more to my boss more than feelings, I decided to further rationalize the need for me to have a raise.I said that based on benchmark data, I feel that my pay is below the industry average when compared to parallel positions in other companies. I showed him the data. With salaries which are uncompetitive, I put forth that we will surely lose critical talent. I have also ad ded that with the addition of one more child to my family, I pragmatically need more financial resources more than ever. He seemed to agree with my arguments and yet he still maintained that the company was currently experiencing financial constraints which I must be able to consider. Again, I have expressed empathy of the situation.I then proceeded by asking him about his ideas about my proposition. This discussion was very important since both parties were engaged in the brainstorming and decision making process. He again reiterated the fact that the company then was experiencing certain financial constraints. After proposing severla alternatives, he agreed on a ‘conditional’ raise. First, I would have to show consistency in my performance within the next six months, exhibiting the same level of excellence and results orientation in my work.He said that the financial figures would have shown a turnaround by that time. I then reassured him that I am willing to compromi se and that I thought that the proposal was reasonable. I volunteered to summarize the discussion, and reiterated that I was expecting a 20% raise in my basic salary after an interim performance review, six months from the time of our discussion.. He finally agreed. Finally, for clarity of the agreements between us, I have volunteered to document all that was agreed upon so that we could sign for documentation purposes. He has also agreed with this proposal. I then proceeded to doing the minutes of the session and to have him concur to all that was stated in the document.There were several things which I have learned from myself from this experience on negotiation. First, it may be beneficial and reasonable to exhibit assertiveness when it is due. Had I not decided to muster all my courage to negotiate with my salary increase, I would not have gotten his word – also, considering the organization’s conservative position when it comes to giving out raises. I have also re alized that it is always beneficial to use key principles that ensure the smooth interpersonal relationship between two parties during the negotiation process.First, I have ensured to maintain or enhance his self-esteem despite being somehow frustrated with the fact that I have not received a raise for such a long time. I have expressed to him that I still felt motivated and driven in my work despite the lack of that hygiene factor – pay. Whenever there were instances wherein it appeared he lacked management skill, I always ‘balanced’ it off with a positive trait. This was to ensure that antagonism would not develop as a reaction from him. I found this very effective and critical in the process of negotiation.Next, I have also practiced the use of empathy. I always assured him that I understood the tight financial position that the company was experiencing then. I also assured him that I understood why he was not able to recommend a raise for me within 2 yearsâ⠂¬â„¢ time when he explained that the company was still in financial rehabilitation. Another effective technique was to engage him in brainstorming for ideas. If the idea solely came from me, he would surely not have buy-in with it and would tend to antagonize it. On the contrary, since he was part of the process of thinking of the best alternative for resolving the situation, he remained amiable and accepting throughout the whole process. This facilitated the discussion and made us arrive at a mutually beneficial option.There were also several things which I have learned about my superior following that session. I have realized that he was a very rational person, who bases his decisions on empirical data. He wanted support for all that was said. I feel that this was reasonable and has helped encourage objectivity from both parties. I came to the session prepared with all the necessary documents to support my arguments, knowing that he will be more appreciative given all these †˜evidence’. In effect, the sense of subjectivity from both parties is diminished which also helped maintain that atmosphere of amiability. I then realized from the experience that it is very important for a manager to be psychologically prepared before going through any negotiation or bargaining process.This experience was quite different from the parties whom I have negotiated with in the past. One difference was the personality of the party whom I was negotiating with – my superior was highly objective and was willing to negotiate. Such willingness and objectivity are very important. There were parties in the past who appear to be very antagonistic to begin with, and were not willing to compromise. In effect, the session was simply about manipulation and getting the other party to agree to what one wants.This is a wrong assumption, and is marked by close-mindedness. Another difference which I have noted was the willingness of my boss to reach a reasonable compromise . He listened to my arguments and assessed if they held water. If they did, he acknowledged them and were open to them. He also considered the financial constraints of the company and had to adjust his proposition so that both parties may benefit.It should also be noted that in the process of negotiation, managerial-level bargaining is controlled by the organization in such a way that the company’s interest is placed at top priority, unshadowed by the personal interest of the manager (Ramundo, 1992). The effectivity of the negotiation is also seen in the prevalence of the organizational interest as negotiation can be exploited to serve the manager’s or negotiator’s personal objectives. In the future, I would proceed by researching not only about the profile and the ways of my superior per se, but also of other factors which may influence the bargain.For instance, I was not able to take into consideration the fact that the company was then experiencing financial constraints at that time. A profound knowledge of all the factors that may affect the negotiation process is critical, so that the alternative reached after the process is one that is realistic and that does not put undue pressure on either party.ConclusionThe competency of negotiation is a must for every manager. As a business leader, the ability to communicate with persuasion, presenting an idea and coming up with options in order to reach an agreement between parties is a well-known, yet unmastered competency. Studies have shown that this skill has been linked to Emotional Intelligence. Ergo, being a good negotiator entails possessing a high EQ. But like any other skill, the researcher believes that negotiation can be developed through training, concepts, knowledge of the techniques and practice. I have learned from the experience that it is important to exhibit assertiveness and effective interpersonal techniques during the negotiation process. Moreover, it may also be helpful t o ‘size up’ the party you are bargaining with to be able to use the most suitable bargaining techniques.I have realized, too, that more than convincing or influencing decisions, negotiating is also about developing and maintaining relationships. In the field of business, this is one of, if not the most important aspects in surviving in its tough arena. The negotiating table is a staple in the life cycle of business – from the start of the partnership, to term modifications until the end of the business relationship.When one speaks about the skill or process of negotiation, it is usually associated with business deals, bargaining or conflict resolution. However, little did most people know that it is also one form of influencing which is aimed at achieving win-win outcomes (Manning & Robertson, 2004).   It was also described as the process wherein parties meet having different objectives and / or values basing from their motives or interests.The end product of s uch process is to at least minimize the conflicting differences, so as to reach a mutual agreement. In the experience which I have just related, I was willing to compromise in having a raise, but within a time frame proposed by my boss. If I had insisted on what I wanted and was not willing to delay gratification, this could have possibly breeded antagonism and would have pre-empted the smooth closure of the negotiation process.Though the definition may sound too theoretical, managers are very aware of its practical power in the lifeblood of businesses in all industries. It is through negotiation that the business is opened up for partnership, whether it is for dealers, suppliers or customers. For issues that may be surrounding the deal or service, the negotiating table is the venue for smoothing out these issues and maintaining the business relationship. And in the final stages of the business partnership, remaining issues or options on the business are discussed in the process. Fo llowing these circumstances, conflict can readily emerge in the process due to the premise of persuading another party to be performing an action or agree to an idea which may be quite disagreeable for some reason.More specific examples of negotiation can be seen in the following: Managers do negotiation with union contracts (Walton & Mackenzie, 1965), resource prices and allocations, delivery schedules, promotions, compensation packages (Lax & Sebenius, 1986; Murninghan, 1992), and a myriad of other aspects of organizational outcomes ( Wall & Blum, 1991).This was further emphasized by Mintzberg (1993), pointing out that negotiation was identified as a primary managerial role, particularly in decision-making. Ramundo (1992) postulated that almost two-third of the managerial function is devoted to dialogues in all levels within the organization even if this was not primarily considered in orthodox writings on management. Over the years, organization-based negotiations have not only i ncreased in frequency, but also has become more critically complex.Wall & Blum (1992) observed that it has likewise put on a more ambiguous and changeable which could be attributed to the interdependencies between organizations brought by the globalization and the trend of diminishing boundaries. In addition, they also cited the cross-cultural differences brought by international business as well as the current pack of employees who are well-educated possessing knowledge of expert caliber.Thus, as a manager, I feel that negotiation ought to be a core competency, since in the organizational setting, there are many conflicts where negotiation may be useful. Through a thorough knowledge and practice of negotiation techniques, these situations may be handled with greater ease.ReferencesLax, D.L. & Sebenius, J.K. (1986). The manager as negotiator: Bargaining for cooperation and competitive gain. New York: Free PressWall, J.A. & Blum, M.W. (1991). Negotiations. Journal of Management, 17, 273-303Ramundo, B.R. (1994). The Bargaining Manager: Enhancing Organizational Results Through Negotiation. Westport, CT: Quorum BooksMintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper and RowWalton, R.E. &   McKersie, R.B. (1965). A behavioral theory of labor negotiations: an analysis of a social interaction system. Ithaca, NY: BLRManning, T. & Robertson, B. (2004). Influencing, negotiating skills and conflict-handling: some additional research and reflections. Industrial and Commermcial Training, 36, 104 Striking the best deal: a closer look at negotiation IntroductionNegotiation styles must be dynamic and flexible; they ought to be adapted based on the context in which they shall be utilized. These styles may either be competitve or collaborative, depending on the extent to which the individual considers himself and the person he is negotiating with. The following scenario has been relayed for purposes of reflecting on my negotiation style and on the tangible means through which I can improve it.Negotiation has been overlooked as an important management competency / skill as it was limited to the confines of the conflict – resolution phase. This skill whose aim to is to minimize differences between parties, can also be effectively used as a tool for information-sharing, influencing and building or strengthening relationships. This tool is most helpful where the environment promotes openness in communication, particularly in the sharing of information and involvement of everyone in the decision-making in the organization.Discuss ionThis paper begins with a thorough discussion of the context in which the negotiation tool place. I have worked as a Human Resources Manager for a Battery Manufacturing company for two years now. After a careful review of my performance, I believe that my salary raise has been way overdue. There were several things which I had to adequately prepare prior to my negotiation with my boss. First, I had to gather as much objective / emprical evidence to back up my case. This meant going through my performance reviews, and seeing the achievements and the merits which I have accomplished for the past two years. I had to make sure that my claims were backed up by verifiable critical incidents. That is, my evidence must be as objective as possible so as to gain credence and strike up a reasonable bargain with my superior. My objective for the negotiation session was to convince my superior that I add value to the enterprise and therefor deserve a raise that will make my recent promotion wo rthwhile.I then proceeded to schedule a meeting with my boss and went through the process of negotiating for a salary raise. I began the discussion with asking him about how he evaluated my performance for the past two years. He said that he thought my performance was exemplary and that I excelled more compared to the other managers of the department. I thanked him for his compliments and proceeded by giving a summary of my achievements within the past two years. I supported each of my traits with critical incidents. I ensured support for both technical exerptise and soft skills. I also gave a brief rundown of the training sessions which I have attended which demonstrated by authentic intent to improve myself further.I then showed my boss the strategic map of my company which illustrates the different strategic objectives of the organization, from the various perspectives of our Balanced Scorecard, encompassing financials, customer, best business practice, business development, and learning and growth. I again pointed out how the effective performance of my role is able to contribute to each of the strategic thrusts across these perspectives. He seemed to be convinced of the value of my role and my drive to excel. I then articulated my belief and feeling that my salary increase has been long overdue.He responded by saying that currently, the company has some financial considerations which has compelled him to be be very careful in giving raises lest we go beyond our operating budget. I responded by expressing empathy over his concern; â€Å"yes I understand the situation, Sir†. Since reason appealed more to my boss more than feelings, I decided to further rationalize the need for me to have a raise. I said that based on benchmark data, I feel that my pay is below the industry average when compared to parallel positions in other companies.I showed him the data. With salaries which are uncompetitive, I put forth that we will surely lose critical talent. I have also added that with the addition of one more child to my family, I pragmatically need more financial resources more than ever. He seemed to agree with my arguments and yet he still maintained that the company was currently experiencing financial constraints which I must be able to consider. Again, I have expressed empathy of the situation.I then proceeded by asking him about his ideas about my proposition. This discussion was very important since both parties were engaged in the brainstorming and decision making process. He again reiterated the fact that the company then was experiencing certain financial constraints. After proposing severla alternatives, he agreed on a ‘conditional’ raise. First, I would have to show consistency in my performance within the next six months, exhibiting the same level of excellence and results orientation in my work. He said that the financial figures would have shown a turnaround by that time.I then reassured him that I am willin g to compromise and that I thought that the proposal was reasonable. I volunteered to summarize the discussion, and reiterated that I was expecting a 20% raise in my basic salary after an interim performance review, six months from the time of our discussion.. He finally agreed. Finally, for clarity of the agreements between us, I have volunteered to document all that was agreed upon so that we could sign for documentation purposes. He has also agreed with this proposal. I then proceeded to doing the minutes of the session and to have him concur to all that was stated in the document.There were several things which I have learned from myself from this experience on negotiation. First, it may be beneficial and reasonable to exhibit assertiveness when it is due. Had I not decided to muster all my courage to negotiate with my salary increase, I would not have gotten his word – also, considering the organization’s conservative position when it comes to giving out raises. I have also realized that it is always beneficial to use key principles that ensure the smooth interpersonal relationship between two parties during the negotiation process.First, I have ensured to maintain or enhance his self-esteem despite being somehow frustrated with the fact that I have not received a raise for such a long time. I have expressed to him that I still felt motivated and driven in my work despite the lack of that hygiene factor – pay. Whenever there were instances wherein it appeared he lacked management skill, I always ‘balanced’ it off with a positive trait. This was to ensure that antagonism would not develop as a reaction from him. I found this very effective and critical in the process of negotiation. Next, I have also practiced the use of empathy.I always assured him that I understood the tight financial position that the company was experiencing then. I also assured him that I understood why he was not able to recommend a raise for me with in 2 years’ time when he explained that the company was still in financial rehabilitation. Another effective technique was to engage him in brainstorming for ideas. If the idea solely came from me, he would surely not have buy-in with it and would tend to antagonize it. On the contrary, since he was part of the process of thinking of the best alternative for resolving the situation, he remained amiable and accepting throughout the whole process. This facilitated the discussion and made us arrive at a mutually beneficial option.There were also several things which I have learned about my superior following that session. I have realized that he was a very rational person, who bases his decisions on empirical data. He wanted support for all that was said. I feel that this was reasonable and has helped encourage objectivity from both parties. I came to the session prepared with all the necessary documents to support my arguments, knowing that he will be more appreciative given al l these ‘evidence’. In effect, the sense of subjectivity from both parties is diminished which also helped maintain that atmosphere of amiability. I then realized from the experience that it is very important for a manager to be psychologically prepared before going through any negotiation or bargaining process.This experience was quite different from the parties whom I have negotiated with in the past. One difference was the personality of the party whom I was negotiating with – my superior was highly objective and was willing to negotiate. Such willingness and objectivity are very important. There were parties in the past who appear to be very antagonistic to begin with, and were not willing to compromise. In effect, the session was simply about manipulation and getting the other party to agree to what one wants. This is a wrong assumption, and is marked by close-mindedness. Another difference which I have noted was the willingness of my boss to reach a reasona ble compromise. He listened to my arguments and assessed if they held water. If they did, he acknowledged them and were open to them. He also considered the financial constraints of the company and had to adjust his proposition so that both parties may benefit.It should also be noted that in the process of negotiation, managerial-level bargaining is controlled by the organization in such a way that the company’s interest is placed at top priority, unshadowed by the personal interest of the manager (Ramundo, 1992). The effectivity of the negotiation is also seen in the prevalence of the organizational interest as negotiation can be exploited to serve the manager’s or negotiator’s personal objectives. In the future, I would proceed by researching not only about the profile and the ways of my superior per se, but also of other factors which may influence the bargain. For instance, I was not able to take into consideration the fact that the company was then experien cing financial constraints at that time. A profound knowledge of all the factors that may affect the negotiation process is critical, so that the alternative reached after the process is one that is realistic and that does not put undue pressure on either party.ConclusionThe competency of negotiation is a must for every manager. As a business leader, the ability to communicate with persuasion, presenting an idea and coming up with options in order to reach an agreement between parties is a well-known, yet unmastered competency. Studies have shown that this skill has been linked to Emotional Intelligence. Ergo, being a good negotiator entails possessing a high EQ. But like any other skill, the researcher believes that negotiation can be developed through training, concepts, knowledge of the techniques and practice. I have learned from the experience that it is important to exhibit assertiveness and effective interpersonal techniques during the negotiation process. Moreover, it may al so be helpful to ‘size up’ the party you are bargaining with to be able to use the most suitable bargaining techniques.I have realized, too, that more than convincing or influencing decisions, negotiating is also about developing and maintaining relationships. In the field of business, this is one of, if not the most important aspects in surviving in its tough arena. The negotiating table is a staple in the life cycle of business – from the start of the partnership, to term modifications until the end of the business relationship.When one speaks about the skill or process of negotiation, it is usually associated with business deals, bargaining or conflict resolution. However, little did most people know that it is also one form of influencing which is aimed at achieving win-win outcomes (Manning & Robertson, 2004).   It was also described as the process wherein parties meet having different objectives and / or values basing from their motives or interests. The end product of such process is to at least minimize the conflicting differences, so as to reach a mutual agreement. In the experience which I have just related, I was willing to compromise in having a raise, but within a time frame proposed by my boss. If I had insisted on what I wanted and was not willing to delay gratification, this could have possibly breeded antagonism and would have pre-empted the smooth closure of the negotiation process.Though the definition may sound too theoretical, managers are very aware of its practical power in the lifeblood of businesses in all industries. It is through negotiation that the business is opened up for partnership, whether it is for dealers, suppliers or customers. For issues that may be surrounding the deal or service, the negotiating table is the venue for smoothing out these issues and maintaining the business relationship. And in the final stages of the business partnership, remaining issues or options on the business are discussed in the process. Following these circumstances, conflict can readily emerge in the process due to the premise of persuading another party to be performing an action or agree to an idea which may be quite disagreeable for some reason.More specific examples of negotiation can be seen in the following: Managers do negotiation with union contracts (Walton & Mackenzie, 1965), resource prices and allocations, delivery schedules, promotions, compensation packages (Lax & Sebenius, 1986; Murninghan, 1992), and a myriad of other aspects of organizational outcomes ( Wall & Blum, 1991).This was further emphasized by Mintzberg (1993), pointing out that negotiation was identified as a primary managerial role, particularly in decision-making. Ramundo (1992) postulated that almost two-third of the managerial function is devoted to dialogues in all levels within the organization even if this was not primarily considered in orthodox writings on management. Over the years, organization-based negotiations have not only increased in frequency, but also has become more critically complex. Wall & Blum (1992) observed that it has likewise put on a more ambiguous and changeable which could be attributed to the interdependencies between organizations brought by the globalization and the trend of diminishing boundaries. In addition, they also cited the cross-cultural differences brought by international business as well as the current pack of employees who are well-educated possessing knowledge of expert caliber.Thus, as a manager, I feel that negotiation ought to be a core competency, since in the organizational setting, there are many conflicts where negotiation may be useful. Through a thorough knowledge and practice of negotiation techniques, these situations may be handled with greater ease.ReferencesLax, D.L. & Sebenius, J.K. (1986). The manager as negotiator: Bargaining for cooperation and competitive gain. New York: Free PressWall, J.A. & Blum, M.W. (1991). Negotiations. Journal of Management, 17, 273-303Ramundo, B.R. (1994). The Bargaining Manager: Enhancing Organizational Results Through Negotiation. Westport, CT: Quorum BooksMintzberg, H. (1973). The nature of managerial work. New York: Harper and RowWalton, R.E. &   McKersie, R.B. (1965). A behavioral theory of labor negotiations: an analysis of a social interaction system. Ithaca, NY: BLRManning, T. & Robertson, B. (2004). Influencing, negotiating skills and conflict-handling: some additional research and reflections. Industrial and Commermcial Training, 36, 104

Phrasal Verbs About Speaking for ESL Learners

Phrasal Verbs About Speaking for ESL Learners This phrasal verb feature focuses on phrasal verbs we use when talking about speaking and conversation. Obviously, using tell or say or speak, etc. is absolutely correct when relating conversations. However, if you want to stress HOW the person said something, phrasal verbs come in handy (idiombe useful). Phrasal Verbs About Speaking Negative Speaking go on: to continue to talk about a subject after the interest of the listener has been exhausted.harp on :Â  inf. to repeatedly talk about a certain subjectramble on: to talk for a long time about something which is not very interesting to the other people in the conversationrabbit on (British):Â  as aboverun on (American):Â  as above Speaking Quickly rattle off: to say a list or impressive number of facts very quicklyreel off inf.:Â  as abovewhip off inf. (American):Â  as above Interrupting butt in: to rudely enter another conversationchip in: to add a specific point to a conversation Speaking suddenly blurt out: to say something suddenly, usually without thinkingcome out with: to say something suddenly Contributing come up with: to add a new idea to a conversationto go along with: to agree with someone else Not Speaking shut up: to stop talking, often used as an imperative (very rude)break off: suddenly stop speakingclam up: to refuse to speak or become silent during a conversationdry up: run out of ideas of interesting comments, finish speaking because you dont know what to say next or have forgotten what you would like to say Speaking Rudely talk at: to talk to someone without listening to what they have to saytalk down to: to verbally treat someone in an inferior mannergo off: to speak angrily about somethingput down: to criticize someone or something Sample Paragraph WithPhrasal Verbs Last week I went to visit my friend Fred. Fred is a great guy but at times he can really go on about things. We were speaking about some of our friends and he came out with this incredible story about Jane. It seems she had butted in while he was harping on his favorite complaint: Service in restaurants. Apparently, he had been running on for quite a while putting down almost every restaurant he had been to by rattling off a list of his visits to different restaurants in town. I guess Jane felt that he was talking at her and was fed up with it. She went off about what a rude person he was which shut him up pretty quickly! I thought about blurting out that maybe she was right, but decided to clam up in order to not upset him.As you can see by using these phrasal verbs the reader gets a much better idea of the dynamics of the conversation. If the above story was reported by saying she told him, he said etc., it would be pretty boring indeed. In this way, the reader gets a real sense of the personalities of the speakers.

The subject of kingship wrote Macbeth in 1605/6 Essay Example for Free (#16056)

The subject of kingship wrote Macbeth in 1605/6 Essay ? William Shakespeare who had already written numerous plays on the subject of kingship wrote Macbeth in 1605/6. This play is a tragedy, much like that of Hamlet, which depicts the murder of a King and all the consequences that follow such a crime. This play was performed before King James VI of Scotland, I of Great Britain, who came to the English throne in 1603. There are all sorts of issues that can be drawn from this fact such as, King James had a fascination with witchcraft, which suggests that Macbeth might have been centred around witches to please the King. Shakespeare spent a lot of his time writing about Kings, especially English ones. The quotation is from Act IV, iii where Malcolm, son of Duncan, is testing Macduff to see whether he is a traitor or not and then, once it is established that Macduff is on Malcolm’s side, they start to plan how they are going to fight Macbeth. The quotation is a list of qualities that Malcolm says a King should have. Then he goes on to say that he has none of these qualities, but this is all part of the trickery he is playing on Macduff. Malcolm knows that Macduff is truthful to him because Malcolm says that he would not have one tyrant, Macbeth, replaced with another, Malcolm, which shows that Macduff is loyal to Scotland, therefore Malcolm, the rightful King, and not Macbeth. No, not to live! O nation miserable, With an untitled tyrant† (Act IV, iii, 103-105) This is the quotation with which Macduff proves to Malcolm his loyalty to him and not Macbeth. Our first encounter with a King in Macbeth is Duncan. The scene is that of a battlefield and the King is directed towards the Captain who is asked to give a report of the victory. The Captain does so and tells the King of the bravery and valour that Macbeth had shown. â€Å"For brave Macbeth – well he deserves that name† (Act I, i, 16) Duncan then proceeds to give the title of Thane of Cawdor to Macbeth after the previous Thane had died during battle. This shows bounty in Duncan because he is giving out a reward to the correct man seeming as Macbeth had fought well in the fight and deserved the reward. Duncan also shows devotion to his people in this scene. At the end of the scene after the Captain had finished his report, because he was injured, Duncan tells his attendants to go and find medical help for the Captain. â€Å"They smack of honour both. Go get him surgeons.† (Act I, i, 45) Another show of this devotion comes at the end of Act I, iv where he is commending Banquo. â€Å"True, worthy Banquo; he is full so valiant, It is a banquet to me. Let’s after him Whose care is gone before to bid us welcome. It is a peerless kinsman.† (Act I, iv, 55-59) Duncan also has temperance and stableness as he never loses his temper and stays level-headed throughout the time he is on stage. He does not get angry and in a production that I saw at my school of Macbeth, Duncan was played as a calm, collected individual who took everything slow and who stayed stable throughout his performance. Also Duncan was played as a blind man, which was not an original idea, and there are uses of language throughout scenes with Duncan that see him refer to other senses such as the following: â€Å"This castle hath a pleasant seat; the air Nimbly and sweetly recommends itself Unto our gentle senses.† (Act I,vi, 1-3) There are also language points in the speeches that Duncan has that suggest he is blind too such as the following quotation: Conduct me to mine host. We love him highly, And shall continue ours graces towards him. By your leave, hostess.† (Act I, vi, 28-31) The language used in the first line of this quotation suggests that Duncan cannot walk alone and needs a guide to take him. In the performance I saw there was always somebody by his side guiding him places because he was being played as a blind man. There is another reference to Duncan’s blindness, â€Å"Who comes here?† (Act I, ii, 46). If Duncan was in fact blind, then he would be level-headed because I could guess that having one less sense has a considerable impact on how someone behaves. Duncan has these qualities: devotion, temperance, stableness and bounty, which suggests that Macbeth does support the claim by Malcolm because Duncan has a selection of the qualities suggested by Malcolm. Macbeth and Malcolm himself have other qualities that Malcolm suggests a King should have, which I will show later on in this essay. Duncan also seems to have the support and general feeling of his people, which would warrant him to be a good King. This is because if the people like a King then he is probably doing the right things that the general population want him to be doing. Therefore, for the people to like him, he must be acting correctly and not be doing things that would not appeal to the general consensus of the people. There is a suggestion of this in the play when Duncan meets Lady Macbeth he makes a little joke about the social problems that he faces being a King: The love that follows us sometime is our trouble, Which still we thank as love. Herein I teach you How you shall bid God ‘ield us for your pains, And thank us for your trouble. (Act I, vi, 10-14) This speech by Duncan is based around the ancient customs of a guest asking something of their guest and then saying that they do not want to trouble them and then the host saying that it is their pleasure. By saying that his people’s love is sometimes his â€Å"trouble,† Duncan is saying that his loving people go to a great deal of trouble for him, and he is troubled by the fact that they take all that trouble. Nevertheless, when people take trouble for him, he knows that they do it because they love their king, so he thanks them for their love. Next, referring to himself royally as â€Å"us,† Duncan jokingly tells Lady Macbeth that he is saying all of this so that, instead of him thanking her for taking trouble, she will thank God and him for giving her trouble. In Machiavellian terms, a good King is one that guarantees the happiness of his people even if he himself is a murdering swine, for example. Also Machiavelli said that a King does not have to have all of the qualities laid out in the quotation. Therefore, Macbeth denies the claim because being a Machiavellian King is not included in the claim but it does make a King a good King. Macbeth is the second King that we come across in Macbeth. He comes to the throne only after committing treason by killing the rightful King in the first place, Duncan. His relationship with Lady Macbeth changes throughout the play. At first it is Lady Macbeth who is evil and persuades Macbeth to murder Duncan, but slowly as the play develops these roles reverse and Macbeth becomes the evil one killing a lot of people and Lady Macbeth becoming cowardly. Macbeth does not seem to have verity because he lies about things that he has done. The first sign of this is in Act II, ii where Macbeth goes along with Lady Macbeth’s plan of going back to their chambers and putting on their night gowns to lie about whether they had been asleep or not when everyone wakes up to find Duncan has been murdered. He lies several times in Act II but one stands out spectacularly, which is (Act II, iii, 105-15). This quotation shows Macbeth lying about his feelings and how he killed the guards in his anger. Macbeth is not at all temperate or stable either. He has momentary lapses into madness where he sees apparitions. Macbeth discovers that the ghost of Banquo is only visible to him and not the others: Why, what care I if thou canst nod! Speak, too! If charnel-houses and our graves must send Those that we bury, back, our monuments Shall be the maws of kites† (Act III, iv, 67-72) The language used by Macbeth suggests the erratic behaviour that Macbeth demonstrates at this point in the play. Macbeth is saying that if all that we bury return from the grave then we will have to feed their remains to birds of prey to eat. Macbeth does not have the qualities, stableness and temperance because Macbeth constantly goes into fits of madness, therefore, extreme personality levels, which is not what a stable and temperate person does, they stay level-headed. Macbeth does not either have mercy. This is obvious because Macbeth kills a lot of people in cold blood simply for his own self-good. Another sign of Macbeth having no mercy is when he kills the entire household of Macduff even though he only wants Macduff dead for being a traitor to him. Macbeth knows Macduff is a traitor because he ran away to England and did not come to the dining of all the Lords in the Kingdom. He tells Lady Macbeth of his spy in Macduff’s household, and in the same speech gives Lady Macbeth the impression that he will have Macduff’s family murdered: â€Å"I hear it by the way. But I will send. There’s not one of them, but in his house I keep a servant fee’d.† (Act III, iv, 129-131) The last line of this quotation shows us that he bribes a servant to spy on Macduff’s house. And further on in this speech Macbeth gives the reference of murdering Macduff’s family: Stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as to go’er† (Act III, iv, 134-137) Macbeth also murders Young Seyward in battle, which also shows Macbeth’s lack of mercy. Even if Macbeth kills Young Seyward in battle, Macbeth is still killing a child, which does not show mercy. Macbeth not having any of these qualities, verity, temperance, stableness or mercy, denies the claim of Malcolm’s that a King should have the virtues listed in the extract. Macbeth, on the other hand, does have lowliness. His attitude does change throughout the play from good to evil and it is when he is acting as a good person that he has lowliness. He admits that he is wrong several times after he kills Duncan: How is’t with me when every noise appals me? What hands are here! Ha-they pluck out mine eyes! Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand? No, this my hand will rather The multitudinous seas incarnadine, Making the green one red.† (Act II, ii, 57-63) Macbeth says that his hands are stained with the blood of Duncan, but what he really means is that Macbeth is now stained with the murder of Duncan and he will never be able to wash it from him even with all of God’s will and forgiveness. This reference to â€Å"Neptune’s ocean† actually refers to God but it was thought that God should not be spoken at the time this play was written. Macbeth has devotion in some respects but not in others. He does not have devotion to his country, which is what he should have, but he does have to his wife and to himself. At the beginning of the play Macbeth, however, is devoted to his King and country it seems because he fights and risks his life for them. For his bravery he was awarded Thane of Cawdor by Duncan. Macbeth then becomes a tyrant under the influence of his evil wife. Macbeth kills Duncan and this sets off a chain of events that leads to Macbeth, at the end of the play, being devoted only to himself and to his wife and not to his country, even though he is in command of it. This shows that a person can change and, therefore, maybe develop the qualities needed to be a King, some of which are shown in the quotation from Malcolm. Macbeth in Act III shows perseverance. This is when he says: Stepped in so far, that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go’er.† (Act III, iv, 135-137) Macbeth is saying that he has already killed a large number of people, he might as well kill a few more because if he stops then people will find out he has been murdering and he will be killed. This shows Macbeth persevering to try to get away from the trouble that he is in, although it is not a very good way of doing it. Macbeth has, lowliness, devotion (in some ways and times) and perseverance. Having these merits supports Malcolm’s claim that a King should have the virtues stated in the extract. In Machiavellian terms Macbeth is not a good King at all because he does not satisfy the greater happiness of the greater number. This is illustrated by everyone in Scotland, by the end of the play, turning against Macbeth and disliking him when Ross says what he does in Act IV, iii, 164-173). The third King in the play is Malcolm. The audience do not see him rule Scotland for very long but there is still a lot of information in Act IV, iii about Malcolm that we, the audience, can extract and analyse. Malcolm comes to the throne of Scotland by turning the grief of Macduff’s into anger so that he could kill Macbeth for Malcolm because Malcolm knew that Macduff was the only man who could kill Macbeth, as he was not born of woman, like the witches told Macbeth. The following lines spoken by Malcolm show this: Let’s make us medicines of our great revenge To cure this deadly grief† (Act IV, iii, 213-215) Malcolm’s first lines in this scene show him as very cowardly and do not give a very good impression of him at first glance. â€Å"Let us seek out some desolate shade, and there Weep our sad bosoms empty.† (Act VI, iii, 1-2) One gets the impression from the phrases, â€Å"desolate shade† and â€Å"Weep our sad bosoms empty† that Malcolm just wants to hide from all the bad things and cry. This is not what a brave man should be doing. Malcolm should be a strong King who would want to fight: Macduff’s first lines are what he should be saying: Hold fast the mortal sword: and like good men Bestride our down-fallen birthdom.† (Act VI, iii, 3-5) By this Malcolm does not seem to be a very courageous King but, as the audience and with the benefit of hindsight because I have read and seen the play, I know that Malcolm is much more of a strategist than a soldier. This shows that Malcolm does not have fortitude because he cannot fight but it does show that Malcolm has intelligence. This means that a King should have intelligence so it denies the claim he makes. Malcolm also has patience because he bides his time with Macduff to make sure that he is dealing with someone loyal to him. This again shows his intelligence and strategic mind as he plays a game with Macduff by saying he would make a bad King and that a King should have the comments made in the claim and that he has none of them. He then knows that if Macduff said, â€Å"don’t worry you should still be king†, then Malcolm knows that Macduff is a traitor to him; whereas if Macduff says, â€Å"fine if you are that bad then do not be King†, Malcolm knows that Macduff is loyal to Scotland, therefore him, because it demonstrates that Macduff does not want to replace one tyrant with another. This takes a lot of time and Malcolm has the patience to do this. The uncovering of Malcolm’s plan is in Act IV, iii, 100-138. Justice is also a quality that Malcolm possesses because he is looks and wants to solve the problems in Scotland, under the leadership of Macbeth. â€Å"But Macbeth is† (Act IV, iii, 17-18) These two lines show that Malcolm knows Macbeth is a bad person and ruler and therefore he wants to bring justice to Scotland by bringing Macbeth down. This quality supports the claim. Malcolm, at the end of the play, says: Henceforth be earls, the first Scotland In such an honour named.† Act V, vi, 101-103) This shows bounty in Malcolm because he rewards all of his loyal people, who helped him defeat Macbeth, the right to be called earls. Malcolm rewards the right people in this case just like Duncan does to Macbeth at the beginning of the play. Malcolm also shows devotion from Act IV on. He shows devotion to his country, Scotland, by wanting to save it from the rule of a tyrant, Macbeth. The evidence is the quotation, Act IV, iii, 115-137). Malcolm gathers up an English army and spends a lot of time testing Macduff all to save Scotland from Macbeth’s murderous terror. Malcolm by having, devotion, bounty, patience and justice, supports the claim that Malcolm himself says in Act IV because he becomes King and he has some of the qualities that he mentions. He could also have temperance and stableness but there is some evidence to suggest that he gets a little mad towards the end of Act IV, iii: â€Å"Be this the whetstone of your sword; let grief Convert to anger; blunt not the heart, enrage it.† (Act IV, iii, 227-228) â€Å"Enrage it,† suggests that Malcolm is getting angry so that when he comes to fight he can let that anger go and perform well. Malcolm also has intelligence, which in my opinion, is also a quality that no King should be without. I think this because if the leader of the country does not possess intelligence then he will most probably not know how to rule the country and therefore, be a bad King who, in Machiavellian terms, will not provide the greater happiness of the greater number in his Kingdom. This denies the claim that a King should only have these qualities because intelligence, in my opinion, should be the most important merit. In a few of Shakespeare’s plays there is a good, rightful saint-like King, who is no good at ruling. This is the same as Edward the Confessor, who was seen as the holiest of Kings that could heal people’s illnesses by simply touching them, but who ruined his Kingship by bringing his dynasty to the ground. Edward is held up, in Macbeth, as a figure for comparison. Being a holy King is a good thing but the King must be able to find a dynasty and rule his people to guarantee their greater happiness. In that way, Edward is a really holy and religious King, which is a good thing to be, as well as others, but this quality is not on the list. The following is a quotation from Macbeth that gives a direct reference to Edward, King of England at the time. â€Å"There are a crew of wretched souls That stay his cure. Their maladies convinces The great assay of art; but at his touch, Such sanctity hath heaven given his hand, They presently amend.† (Act IV, iii, 141-145) In this way, Macbeth demonstrates to the audience that it is good to be a holy King, along with other merits, but this quality is not on the list so it shows that Macbeth is denying the claim because there are other qualities that a King should have other than those that Malcolm states. Using all of this analysis of the play, Macbeth, I can come to the conclusion that Macbeth denies the claim made by Malcolm. Malcolm says, in this quotation, that a King should have the qualities that he lists. The Kings in Macbeth do have all of the qualities he lists between them but they also have other qualities that are important to being a King and there are also other qualities that the Kings do not have and that aren’t listed that I think a king should have, such as intelligence and being religious. Some people might say that because the Kings in Macbeth do have the qualities described in the extract that Macbeth supports the claim. This is, however, wrong in my opinion because the Kings, in Macbeth, have other qualities that a suitable King should have that need to be thought of in answering this question and, as I have said, there are other virtues a King should have to rule a kingdom. Macbeth, William Shakespeare, ed. G.K. Hunter, Penguin, 1967 The subject of kingship wrote Macbeth in 1605/6. (2017, Oct 21).